The White Wampum

The White Wampum by E. Pauline Johnson is one of the earliest poetry collections by the celebrated Mohawk and English Canadian writer. First published in 1895, the volume reflects Johnson’s distinctive voice as both a poet and performer, blending Indigenous cultural themes with the lyrical traditions of nineteenth-century poetry.

The poems draw on Johnson’s Mohawk heritage from the Six Nations of the Grand River and explore themes of identity, land, history, and cultural memory. Many pieces evoke the landscapes of Canada while reflecting on Indigenous traditions and the historical experiences of First Nations peoples. Through vivid imagery and strong narrative voice, Johnson’s poetry offers a powerful expression of cultural pride and storytelling.

The White Wampum helped establish Pauline Johnson as one of Canada’s most widely recognized poets of her time and remains an important work in the development of Canadian and Indigenous literature.